In eighteenth-century European travel literature, Italy is simultaneously an idea and an image: an essential destination of the Grand Tour and, at the same time, the subject of a national characterization that solidifies into a stereotype. This research takes this duality as a critical problem and investigates it, using the tools of imagology, at the point where it generates a conflict: the Anglo-Italian polemic led by Giuseppe Baretti with his work An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy (1768), written in response to traditional British travel literature. The work is structured in two mirroring parts. The first reconstructs the imagery of Italy in English travel literature and organizes its prejudices according to their fundamental axes—customs, religion, art, and civil life—reading them in Tobias Smollett's Travels and Samuel Sharp's Letters from Italy. The second shows how Baretti responds by recalibrating the prejudicial discourse: not by merely contesting individual accusations, but by reformulating the very principles of observing and understanding Italian culture. The defense of the national image is therefore conducted, within the framework of Baretti's cultural intermediation criticism, through the Italian literary canon—from Dante to Petrarch, from Ariosto and Tasso to Passeroni and Parini, up to Machiavelli—taken not as a repertoire of glories, but as the place where the character of a civilization becomes readable and interpretable. An Account, therefore, is not just an apology. Through the critique of prejudice, it formulates a cognitive principle according to which language is the key to accessing the manners and customs of a culture, and without it, knowledge of the "other" remains precluded. This thesis identifies the continuity of this principle throughout Baretti's critical thought, up to his Discours sur Shakespeare et sur Monsieur de Voltaire (1777), where the impossibility of a goût général stems from the very premise that rendered Sharp's judgment on Italy vain: literary judgment and cultural judgment obey a single rule, which turns variety—of tastes as well as customs—into a value for cultural encounter. It is the same principle that governs Baretti as a teacher when, in Easy Phraseology (1775), he teaches his English student Esteruccia that "languages are the master keys to the manners and customs of every nation." The critique of prejudice and the teaching of Italian are, for Baretti, one and the same gesture.
Nell'odeporica europea del Settecento l'Italia è insieme un'idea e un'immagine: meta obbligata del Grand Tour e, nello stesso tempo, oggetto di una caratterologia nazionale che si consolida in stereotipo. La ricerca assume questa duplicità come problema critico e la indaga, con gli strumenti dell'imagologia, nel punto in cui essa genera un conflitto: la polemica anglo-italiana condotta da Giuseppe Baretti con l'opera "An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy" (1768), scritta in risposta alla tradizionale letteratura odeporica britannica. Il lavoro è costruito in due parti speculari. La prima ricostruisce l'imagery dell'Italia nella letteratura di viaggio inglese e ne ordina i pregiudizi secondo i loro assi fondamentali – del costume, della religione, dell'arte e della vita civile – leggendoli nei "Travels" di Tobias Smollett e nelle "Letters from Italy" di Samuel Sharp. La seconda mostra come Baretti risponda ricalibrando il discorso pregiudiziale: non per mera contestazione delle singole accuse, ma per riformulazione degli stessi principi di osservazione e conoscenza della cultura italiana. La difesa dell'immagine nazionale è perciò condotta, nell'ambito della critica di intermediazione culturale barettiana, attraverso il canone letterario italiano – da Dante a Petrarca, da Ariosto e Tasso a Passeroni e Parini, fino a Machiavelli – assunto non come repertorio di glorie, ma come il luogo in cui il carattere di una civiltà si rende leggibile e interpretabile. L'"Account", dunque, non è solo un'apologia. Attraverso la critica del pregiudizio esso formula un principio conoscitivo, secondo il quale la lingua è chiave d'accesso agli usi e costumi di una cultura, e senza di essa la conoscenza dell'altro rimane preclusa. La tesi individua la continuità di questo principio lungo l'intero pensiero critico barettiano, fino al "Discours sur Shakespeare et sur Monsieur de Voltaire" (1777), dove l'impossibilità di un goût général discende dalla stessa premessa che rendeva vano il giudizio di Sharp sull'Italia: giudizio letterario e giudizio culturale obbediscono a un'unica regola, che fa della varietà, dei gusti come dei costumi, un valore di incontro culturale. È lo stesso principio che governa il Baretti maestro, quando nell'"Easy Phraseology" (1775) insegna alla sua allieva inglese Esteruccia che «le lingue sono le chiavi maèstre de' modi e de' costúmi d'ogni nazione». La critica del pregiudizio e la didattica dell'italiano sono, per Baretti, il medesimo gesto.
Un "Account" europeo per l’Italia: Baretti e la difesa dell’immagine italiana / Incognito, M.. - (2026 Sep 09).
Un "Account" europeo per l’Italia: Baretti e la difesa dell’immagine italiana
INCOGNITO, MARCO
2026-09-09
Abstract
In eighteenth-century European travel literature, Italy is simultaneously an idea and an image: an essential destination of the Grand Tour and, at the same time, the subject of a national characterization that solidifies into a stereotype. This research takes this duality as a critical problem and investigates it, using the tools of imagology, at the point where it generates a conflict: the Anglo-Italian polemic led by Giuseppe Baretti with his work An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy (1768), written in response to traditional British travel literature. The work is structured in two mirroring parts. The first reconstructs the imagery of Italy in English travel literature and organizes its prejudices according to their fundamental axes—customs, religion, art, and civil life—reading them in Tobias Smollett's Travels and Samuel Sharp's Letters from Italy. The second shows how Baretti responds by recalibrating the prejudicial discourse: not by merely contesting individual accusations, but by reformulating the very principles of observing and understanding Italian culture. The defense of the national image is therefore conducted, within the framework of Baretti's cultural intermediation criticism, through the Italian literary canon—from Dante to Petrarch, from Ariosto and Tasso to Passeroni and Parini, up to Machiavelli—taken not as a repertoire of glories, but as the place where the character of a civilization becomes readable and interpretable. An Account, therefore, is not just an apology. Through the critique of prejudice, it formulates a cognitive principle according to which language is the key to accessing the manners and customs of a culture, and without it, knowledge of the "other" remains precluded. This thesis identifies the continuity of this principle throughout Baretti's critical thought, up to his Discours sur Shakespeare et sur Monsieur de Voltaire (1777), where the impossibility of a goût général stems from the very premise that rendered Sharp's judgment on Italy vain: literary judgment and cultural judgment obey a single rule, which turns variety—of tastes as well as customs—into a value for cultural encounter. It is the same principle that governs Baretti as a teacher when, in Easy Phraseology (1775), he teaches his English student Esteruccia that "languages are the master keys to the manners and customs of every nation." The critique of prejudice and the teaching of Italian are, for Baretti, one and the same gesture.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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