The conflict in Kurdistan drew for a long time the attention of few specialised scholars or of militants engaged for the fate of this people. Kurdistan became a subject of wide international concern during the last year of the First Gulf War, and more evidently after the Second Gulf War. If we intend to deal with the optimal feasible strategy for Euro- pean countries and Italy, it is first of all necessary to analyse the formation of actors, their policies and strategies. The first issue that is dealt with is the formation of a Kurdish identity. Thus, the first chapter deals with the origins and identity of the Kurds, and investi- gates their linguistic and religious characteristics. We realise from this analysis that the construction of a Kurdish nation is to be con- sidered unaccomplished. A commonly acknowledged linguistic uni- fication is lacking, and the institutions of the Diaspora are divided along the borders of the different States and of the different Kurd- ish organisations. Thus, one of the main purposes of the first chap- ter is an analysis in depth of Kurdish parties and of conflictual dy- namics that often characterise their mutual relations with Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. The second chapter deals with the impact of the conflict on in- ter-state relations at the regional and the international level. First, the impact of the conflict on the relations between the four afore- mentioned countries is dealt with. Second, we deal with those coun- tries that play in the conflict, in certain circumstances, a direct role that cannot be neglected. Armenia and Greece can provide exam- ples. Finally, we analyse the impact of the conflict beyond the re- gional arena. A special attention is devoted to the policies of EU member states and of the EU. These policies expose uncertainties and oscillations. The lack of an overall strategy results from the analyses carried out in these first two chapters. In the third chapter, we develop different scenarios by means of the Analytic Network Process method. These scenarios take into account variables at the different levels of analysis examined in the previous chapters. According to our conclusions, actors should make a choice be- tween short or medium range interests and a more wide ranging view of security. As far as member States of the EU are concerned, it is possible that not co-ordinated policies could be successful if their aim is only the control of immigration or the struggle for a bet- ter share in the trade with Turkey. However, overlooking an en- demic conflict in Turkish Kurdistan could be really myopic. Despite of these considerations, many actors seem to be oriented towards a policy of procrastination. This trend clearly emerges from our scenario analyses. This attitude is understandable for Iraq, that is now in a condition of extreme weakness and isolation, and for those actors that fear the establishment of a Kurdish State. It does not seem appropriate for the European Union and for the United States, that could have the means to exert influence on future develop- ments in the area.
Il conflitto nel Kurdistan ha attratto a lungo soltanto l’interesse di studiosi specializzati o di militanti che si erano appassionati alla causa di questo popolo: il Kurdistan emerse alla ribalta internazionale in modo prepotente durante l’ultimo anno della Prima Guerra del Golfo, e in modo più clamoroso dopo la Seconda Guerra del Golfo. Per poter trattare di quale sia la possibile strategia ottimale dal pinto di vista dei paesi europei e dell’Italia, è prima necessario ana- lizzare la formazione degli attori, le loro politiche e le loro strategie. Pertanto, la questione che viene affrontata sin da subito è quella re- lativa alla formazione di un’identità kurda. Il primo capitolo tratta quindi delle origini e dell’identità dei Kurdi, analizzandone le caratte- ristiche linguistiche e religiose. Da questa analisi si evince, con buo- na evidenza, che la costruzione della nazione kurda è in realtà ancora da ritenersi in larga parte incompiuta, in quanto manca persino un’unificazione linguistica comunemente riconosciuta e anche le isti- tuzioni della diaspora sono divise secondo i confini degli Stati e delle diverse organizzazioni kurde. Di conseguenza uno degli obiettivi principali del primo capitolo è un’analisi approfondita della caratte- rizzazione dei diversi partiti kurdi e delle dinamiche conflittuali che spesso caratterizzano le loro relazioni, nonché delle diverse realtà che caratterizzano le loro relazioni con i quattro Stati limitrofi. Il secondo capitolo passa invece ad analizzare l’impatto del con- flitto prima di tutto sui rapporti tra Turchia, Iran, Iraq e Siria, ma anche con quei paesi che, pur non ospitando alcuna minoranza kurda – o soltanto minoranze di dimensioni non rilevanti, come l’Armenia – assumono però, in certe circostanze, un ruolo non tra- scurabile e non mediato nel conflitto. Successivamente viene analizzato l’impatto nazionale oltre i rapporti regionali. Una parte dell’attenzione è rivolta alle politiche dell’Unione Europea nei confronti della questione, e questa analisi rivela non poche incertezze e oscillazioni. Da questi due primi capitoli, in cui vengono analizzati i molteplici attori protagonisti del conflitto e la complessità delle modalità di in- terazione, risulta che in molti casi possiamo constatare la carenza di una strategia generale. A partire da queste analisi, nel terzo capitolo vengono delineati – per mezzo del metodo dell’Analytic Network Process – i diversi scenari, che dovranno tener conto delle variabili a livello locale, statuale, re- gionale e internazionale. Le nostre conclusioni ci portano a sostenere che si tratta, per tut- ti gli attori, di scegliere tra interessi di breve o medio periodo da un lato, e una concezione di più ampio raggio della sicurezza dall’altro. In particolare, per quanto riguarda gli Stati membri dell’Unione Eu- ropea, qualora il loro obiettivo fosse costituito soltanto dall’assicurarsi fette di mercato e dal controllo dell’immigrazione, strategie non necessariamente concordate potrebbero anche avere successo. Potrebbe però essere alquanto miope non tener conto dell’esistenza di un focolaio endemico di conflitto nel Kurdistan tur- co. Le tendenze degli attori sembrano invece orientarsi verso una procrastinazione del problema. Tale tendenza appare chiaramente dalle nostre analisi di scenario. Questo atteggiamento è sicuramente razionale per un attore come l’Iraq, che si trova in una situazione di estrema debolezza e isolamento, e per gli attori regionali che sicura- mente temono uno Stato kurdo indipendente. Non sembra altrettan- to appropriata per l’Unione Europea e, a maggior ragione, per gli Stati Uniti, che potrebbero avere i mezzi per esercitare un condizio- namento strategico sugli sviluppi in questa area.
La questione kurda:scenari per un popolo senza Stato
Simon Belli Carlo
2001-01-01
Abstract
The conflict in Kurdistan drew for a long time the attention of few specialised scholars or of militants engaged for the fate of this people. Kurdistan became a subject of wide international concern during the last year of the First Gulf War, and more evidently after the Second Gulf War. If we intend to deal with the optimal feasible strategy for Euro- pean countries and Italy, it is first of all necessary to analyse the formation of actors, their policies and strategies. The first issue that is dealt with is the formation of a Kurdish identity. Thus, the first chapter deals with the origins and identity of the Kurds, and investi- gates their linguistic and religious characteristics. We realise from this analysis that the construction of a Kurdish nation is to be con- sidered unaccomplished. A commonly acknowledged linguistic uni- fication is lacking, and the institutions of the Diaspora are divided along the borders of the different States and of the different Kurd- ish organisations. Thus, one of the main purposes of the first chap- ter is an analysis in depth of Kurdish parties and of conflictual dy- namics that often characterise their mutual relations with Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. The second chapter deals with the impact of the conflict on in- ter-state relations at the regional and the international level. First, the impact of the conflict on the relations between the four afore- mentioned countries is dealt with. Second, we deal with those coun- tries that play in the conflict, in certain circumstances, a direct role that cannot be neglected. Armenia and Greece can provide exam- ples. Finally, we analyse the impact of the conflict beyond the re- gional arena. A special attention is devoted to the policies of EU member states and of the EU. These policies expose uncertainties and oscillations. The lack of an overall strategy results from the analyses carried out in these first two chapters. In the third chapter, we develop different scenarios by means of the Analytic Network Process method. These scenarios take into account variables at the different levels of analysis examined in the previous chapters. According to our conclusions, actors should make a choice be- tween short or medium range interests and a more wide ranging view of security. As far as member States of the EU are concerned, it is possible that not co-ordinated policies could be successful if their aim is only the control of immigration or the struggle for a bet- ter share in the trade with Turkey. However, overlooking an en- demic conflict in Turkish Kurdistan could be really myopic. Despite of these considerations, many actors seem to be oriented towards a policy of procrastination. This trend clearly emerges from our scenario analyses. This attitude is understandable for Iraq, that is now in a condition of extreme weakness and isolation, and for those actors that fear the establishment of a Kurdish State. It does not seem appropriate for the European Union and for the United States, that could have the means to exert influence on future develop- ments in the area.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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